On March 25, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act” (CARES Act). The House is expected to pass the bill today. One provision of the bill increases the eligibility limits for small business debtors from $2.7 million to $7.5 million. The amendment will only apply to cases commenced after its effective date and will be subject to a sunset provision after one year.Since many more businesses will be eligible to file under the small business provisions, it is worthwhile to review the pluses and minuses of falling within Subchapter V.  Subchapter V, which is titled Small Business Debtor Reorganization consists of 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1181-1195. Eligibility Unlike the previous small business provisions of Chapter 11, Subchapter V is voluntary. An eligible debtor must opt in to participate. As amended by the CARES Act, a small business debtor is a person (a) engaged in commercial or business activities (b) but not a person whose business consists of owning single assets real estate (c) that has aggregate noncontingent liquidated secured and unsecured debts which do not exceed $7,500,000 not counting debts owed to affiliates. At least 50% of the person's debts must arise from business or commercial activities.  11 U.S.C. Sec. 1182(1).  Example: A restaurant owes $50,000 to its employees, $5,000,000 to secured lenders and $1,000,000 in taxes. It is being sued for $10 million by a customer who became obese from eating too many nachos.   This company would be eligible because its noncontingent liquidated debts total $6,050,000 and they arose from commercial or business operations.Example: A business owns three apartment complexes in different parts of Austin. It owes $7,000,000 in secured debts and $100,000 in tenant security deposits from tenants who moved out because the apartments were smelly. This debtor is below the eligibility limits. It is not a single asset real estate debtor because it owns three separate real estate projects.Example:  A lawyer owes $100,000 on a business line of credit, $100,000 in payroll taxes,  and $500,000 on his home. He would not qualify because less than half of his debts arose from business or commercial activities (unless he runs his law practice out of his home).Stricter TimelinesA plan must be filed within ninety (90) days from the petition date except that the court may extend this time "if the need for the extension is attributable to circumstances for which the debtor should not justly be held accountable." 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1189(b). I am trustee in a case where a debtor that sells chicken wings will be asking for an extension of time to file its plan because the shelter in place orders issued by the City of Austin have drastically limited its ability to do business. While I can't say how the court will rule, that seems like a pretty good case for an extension to me. On the other hand, if the reason for an extension is I need more time because I haven't filed tax returns in three years and I haven't hired an accountant to go through my ten boxes of unsorted receipts, that would probably not fly.Easier Confirmation Standards Subchapter V eliminates several requirements which make it difficult for small businesses to confirm a plan. First, there is not a separate disclosure statement. The plan must contain a brief history of the debtor, a liquidation analysis and projections. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1190(1).A plan may modify a loan on the debtor's principal residence if the loan was not used to acquire the property and was primarily used in the business. 11 U.S.C. 1190(3).  Assume that a debtor buys a home in 1990 for $100,000. By 2015, he has paid off the original mortgage and the property has accumulated in value to $1,000,000. The debtor takes out an $800,000 home equity loan and uses the money to purchase a solar powered car wash. That debt could be modified in a case under Subchapter V, but only if the debtor is a sole proprietor.If a plan meets all the requirements for confirmation under 11 U.S.C. 1129(a) other than subsections (8), (10) or (15), it may be confirmed so long as it complies with an alternative test. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1191.  Subsections (8) and (10) consist of the requirements that a plan be accepted by all impaired classes and that a plan be accepted by at least one impaired class.  Subsection (15) provides that an individual debtor must make payments of disposable income for five years if an unsecured creditor objects to the plan.In place of these requirements, Subchapter V has the following:First, for a secured creditor, the existing rules on cramdown still apply, which means that the debtor must either pay the value of the collateral at a market rate of interest, sell the collateral or provide the creditor with the indubitable equivalent of its lien.Next, the debtor must make payments of projected disposable income for three to five years. Thus, a debtor may complete a plan by paying disposable income to unsecured creditors for as little as three years without satisfying the absolute priority rule.Finally, the debtor must show that there is a reasonable likelihood that it will be able to make the payments and that there are adequate remedies for default.So the tradeoff in Subchapter V is that a debtor does not need to get the votes of any classes of claims and need not meet the absolute priority rule so long as secured creditors get their existing treatment and unsecured creditors receive a minimum of three years of disposable income.On the other hand, discharge does not occur unless the debtor completes its plan payments. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1192. This is similar to the requirements under chapter 13 and individual chapter 11 plans.Easier Employment of ProfessionalsOne of the more interesting provisions of Subchapter V states that a professional holding a claim of less than $10,000 will be deemed to be disinterested. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1195. What this does is keeps estate professionals from having to make the Hobson's choice of waiving their pre-petition fees or continuing to represent the debtor.The TrusteeFinally, there is the trustee. Every case must have a trustee. 11 U.S.C. Sec. 1183. The statute provides that the U.S. Trustee can either appoint a standing trustee or appoint an individual in each case. In my U.S. Trustee region, there are a group of individuals who have been approved to serve as trustees and some of us have been receiving appointments. In most cases, the Subchapter V trustee will be responsible for monitoring the case, appearing at hearings and being an advocate for a consensual reorganization. Thus, a trustee has a role as an honest broker and a mediator. If the case is confirmed on a consensual basis, the trustee's service ends. On the other hand, in a cramdown case, the trustee is responsible for distributing all payments unless the parties agree otherwise.  11 U.S.C. Sec. 1194.The trustee is compensated as a professional in the case as opposed to receiving a standard trustee's commission. Under Subchapter V, professionals, including the trustee, can be paid out over time. This eliminates the need for the debtor to make a big payment on the effective date and reflects the common practice in small cases. The trade-off for having to compensate another professional in the case is that U.S. Trustee fees are not payable in Subchapter V cases. In a typical small case, U.S. Trustee fees can run $325-$650 per quarter. While the fees of the Subchapter V trustee will likely be greater than this amount, they can be paid over the life of the plan rather than on a quarterly basis.    SummarySubchapter V is intended to be a fast moving process which makes it easier for debtors to get to confirmation. It is not well suited for a case which requires an extended period for the debtor to stabilize its business or pursue complex litigation. Subchapter V is a grand experiment at making reorganization easier for the smallest cases, and with the enactment of the CARES Act, not so small cases as well.  As a Subchapter V trustee, it is my fervent hope that there will be many cases where my role and my compensation remain limited.Disclaimer:   I have attempted to describe Subchapter V and its pluses and minuses as best I can. However, this is my personal opinion and does not reflect the views of the U.S. Trustee program.  

The Big Bailout Helps If You have to Skip Chapter 13 Payments The big bailout law, just passed, includes some slack for people in Chapter 13. If you can’t make your Chapter 13 payments, we can ask the bankruptcy judge to add up to 24 months to your payment plan. Before that law was passed, […] The post Can’t Make Your Chapter 13 payments? by Robert Weed appeared first on Robert Weed - .

Coronavirus Decimates N.Y.C. Taxi Industry: ‘The Worst It’s Ever Been’There are so few travelers left at Kennedy International Airport, one of the world’s busiest airfields, that taxis wait six hours or more for a single passenger.Taxi companies can no longer find enough drivers for their fleets because there is so little business.And some cabdrivers are so fearful of being exposed to the coronavirus they are staying home with no way to pay mounting bills.All this at a time when many of New York City’s taxi owners are already in financial ruin after taking out reckless loans to buy medallions — city-issued permits required to own a yellow cab — at artificially inflated prices, with the reassurance of the city’s taxi commission of their high value.Their industry has increasingly lost riders to the boom in Uber, Lyft and ride-app services, and been shaken by a spate of suicides by desperate taxi owners and for-hire drivers.Now taxi owners and drivers who were barely holding on said their livelihood had evaporated as the city all but shut down to try to slow the spread of the coronavirus.THE LATEST Read our live coverage of the coronavirus outbreak in the New York area.“When you have to wait six or seven hours to get one passenger, it’s really bad,” said Mario Darius, 66, a taxi owner who was camped out at Kennedy Airport after picking up just three fares in three days.Though citywide taxi ridership numbers for March are not yet available, some taxi companies, cab owners and drivers said their rides had plunged by two-thirds or more.The city’s largest taxi group, the Metropolitan Taxicab Board of Trade, which represents the owners of 5,500 yellow cabs, said rides had dropped nearly 91 percent to a total of 20,596 trips over this past Friday, Saturday and Sunday. That is compared with 217,540 total trips for the same three days three weeks ago.Latest Updates: Coronavirus Outbreak in New YorkWhite House emphasizes how hard New York is being hit.New York police report a drop in crime and a rise in infection among officers.Governor Cuomo becomes the politician of the moment.See more updatesUpdated 15m agoMore live coverage: Global Markets U.S.The New York Taxi Workers Alliance, which represents about 21,000 taxi and ride-app drivers, said a detailed survey of seven members who are taxi drivers found they earned an average of $368 — not including expenses, gas or taxes — from March 15 to March 21, a 71 percent drop from $1,260 two weeks earlier.Bhairavi Desai, the alliance’s executive director, said it had received calls from dozens of taxi drivers who can no longer afford to pay for necessities like groceries and medicine.ImageSome drivers have seen the number of rides drop by more than 90 percent.Some drivers have seen the number of rides drop by more than 90 percent. Credit...Chang W. Lee/The New York Times“They are facing immediate loss of income when they have no savings to fall back on and an uncertain future as to when the economy will begin to recover," she said. “It’s devastating. I thought we had hit a low point already.”Across the country, taxi and ride-app drivers have seen their business all but disappear in cities like San Francisco, where people have been ordered to shelter in place, as well as other communities, including Chicago, Philadelphia, and Washington.Taxi owners need immediate help to survive, Ms. Desai said, including making interest-free city loans available and requiring lenders to partially forgive loans for medallions and temporarily suspend collection of loan payments.And she urged that state unemployment benefits be extended to taxi drivers, who are considered independent contractors and do not qualify.A spokesman for New York City’s Taxi and Limousine Commission, which regulates the for-hire driving industry, said officials were working with the taxi industry and government agencies “on a number of supportive measures” but declined to give any details, saying discussions were ongoing.20-Somethings Now Realizing That They Can Get Coronavirus, TooMarch 23, 2020Density Is New York City’s Big ‘Enemy’ in the Coronavirus FightMarch 23, 2020Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo was seeking federal disaster assistance that would provide unemployment benefits to contract workers, including taxi drivers.The City Council speaker, Corey Johnson, a Democrat who is running for mayor, has proposed a $12 billion relief plan for businesses and workers impacted by the coronavirus — which would cover for-hire drivers. The plan includes expanded unemployment benefits and an immediate payout of $550 to every adult and $275 to every child.“This crisis is unlike anything we’ve ever seen before,” said Mr. Johnson, who has led recent efforts to help the ailing taxi industry. “Every New Yorker is struggling, and for-hire vehicle drivers are among the hardest hit.”A sample pool of 5,533 for-hire drivers in New York City — most of whom work for Uber and other ride apps — found that they drove significantly fewer hours and miles, according to Nexar, a software company that analyzes data from its network of smart dashboard cameras.On March 18, they drove an average of 3 hours and 35 minutes, down 39 percent from 5 hours and 50 minutes on a typical Wednesday. They also covered an average of 48 miles, a 32 percent drop from 71 miles.“This is so massive and so sudden, it’s a shock to the system,” said Eran Shir, Nexar’s co-founder and chief executive officer, who has seen similar drops in other cities. “We’ve never seen anything like that.”Uber and Lyft declined to release their ride numbers in New York.But Uber’s chief executive officer, Dara Khosrowshahi, said in a March 19 call with investors that bookings for rides in Seattle and other hard-hit areas had fallen by as much as 60 to 70 percent.New York City has about 200,000 for-hire drivers licensed by the Taxi and Limousine Commission. The drivers are issued a universal license that allows them to drive yellow taxis, which are capped at nearly 13,600 by the city, and for ride-app services.The commission, which tracks taxi ridership numbers, has only collected data through January, well before coronavirus reached New York.Michael Woloz, a longtime taxi industry consultant, said taxi garages had stayed open through some of the city’s worst crises — including the Sept. 11 terror attacks and Hurricane Sandy — but were reeling from the coronavirus fallout.Many garages, he said, were taking extraordinary steps to get their taxis out on the streets, including reducing leasing fees for drivers by as much as two-thirds.Other garages were waiving leasing fees altogether, and instead waiting until the end of drivers’ shifts to see if there was any profit to split.“Right now, it’s the worst it’s ever been,” Mr. Woloz said.At Kennedy Airport, taxi drivers are stuck in a central holding area for hours before finally being dispatched to pick up passengers at the terminals.The other day, dozens of taxis were lined up, with some drivers talking on their cellphones to pass the time while others leaned back for a nap.Edrice Ulysses, 57, of Brooklyn, pounded on his steering wheel in frustration. “Every day one fare,” he said. ”Eight hours, nine hours, ten hours, one fare.”Marc Petit-Homme, 54, a yellow taxi driver for nearly three decades, said the airport was so slow one day that he finally gave up and drove to Manhattan looking for passengers.But over five hours, he made just $49 — normally, it would be five or 10 times that much.So the next day, he was back at the airport. Waiting. “The last two weeks, we suffer,” said Mr. Petit-Homme, as he paced nervously beside his taxi.Many taxi drivers said their financial worries were compounded by fears of catching the virus and passing it on to their families.Nino Hervias, a taxi owner who is 61 and had pneumonia last year, has not driven his taxi since March 17.Mr. Hervias, who has a loan of more than half-a-million dollars on his medallion, said he cannot make the monthly payments on that or on the mortgage on his family’s home in New Jersey, or even cover their everyday living expenses.“We have food for another two days,’’ he said.Other taxi owners and drivers are taking their chances, armed with hand sanitizer and disinfectant wipes.Wilfred Fequiere, 64, who lives in Queens and has driven a cab for 35 years, said he used to average a dozen passengers a day. Now, it is two passengers, if he is lucky, but sometimes none at all.“Before it wasn’t good,” he said. “Now it’s worse.”

Arizona Bankruptcy Guide: How Often is it Allowed? Unfortunately, financial troubles are not limited. You can go through serious financial problems and get into major debt and think that the worst is behind you. But then you can face the same troubles if you lose a job, get a divorce, become seriously ill or injured, or face other unexpected circumstances. You may file for bankruptcy the first time to help you get the debt relief you need so you can get back on track. But when troubles arise again, you may wonder if you can file for bankruptcy again. Exactly how many times can you file for bankruptcy in Glendale, and how frequently can you file? Here’s what you need to know: Chapter 7 Bankruptcy In Arizona, you can file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy every six years. That time period starts from the date that you first filed for bankruptcy, not the date that it was discharged. That may seem like a long time, but six years goes by very quickly. Even if the appropriate amount of time has passed, you will not automatically be able to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy near Mesa. You still need to meet the eligibility requirements for filing, which include passing a means test that looks at your income and assets. If you make too much money or have too much in assets, you won’t be able to file. So, if you qualified for Chapter 7 previously but your income has gone up or you have accumulated more assets, you may not be able to qualify now. There are no limits to what you can discharge in a subsequent Chapter 7 bankruptcy in Mesa. That means that if you qualify to file and you have $100,000 in credit card debt you want to discharge, you can discharge the entire amount. And you can continue doing so every six years so long as you continue to qualify to file. Of course, you may have a hard time getting credit to accumulate such a debt if you have that kind of track record, but you have no impediments to filing for bankruptcy in Glendale so long as you pass the means test and the appropriate amount of time has passed. Chapter 13 Bankruptcy There is no time limit in Arizona to when you can file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy after a previous filing. However, a Mesa Chapter 13 bankruptcy filing puts you on a three- to five-year debt repayment plan. So, you aren’t going to file for bankruptcy in the middle of a current bankruptcy repayment plan. That means you would file no sooner than three to five years apart. Know also that continual filing for bankruptcy in Glendale may jeopardize your ability to be approved for a future Chapter 13 bankruptcy. The bankruptcy judge may suspect that you are abusing the bankruptcy system, so you may be asked to provide more information or to defend your assertions more vigorously. The best thing you can do if you need to file for bankruptcy subsequent times is to work closely with an experienced bankruptcy attorney to get guidance on the right steps to take. Your Avondale bankruptcy attorney can help you understand the intricacies of the complex bankruptcy law and what you will need to do to improve your chances of successfully getting the type of debt relief you want. Your Arizona bankruptcy attorney will review the options with you and will help you create the strongest filing to improve your chances of success. Call a Tempe bankruptcy attorney as soon as you start considering bankruptcy as an option. You may not decide to ultimately file, but you can get that early advice to guide your decisions. Glendale bankruptcy attorneys at My AZ Lawyers are ready to help you. Our Phoenix bankruptcy attorneys will help you understand how Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy may help you based on your current financial circumstances and your history. Our goal is to help you get the maximum debt relief possible under the law. We represent clients throughout the Phoenix area. Contact our bankruptcy law office today to schedule a consultation with a bankruptcy lawyer and to start learning about your options. We’re ready to help you whether it’s your first time filing for bankruptcy or your fifth. Arizona Offices: Mesa Location: 1731 West Baseline Rd., Suite #100 Mesa, AZ 85202 Office: (480) 448-9800 Email: info@myazlawyers.com Website: http://myazlawyers.com/ Glendale Location: 20325 N 51st Avenue Suite #134, Building 5 Glendale, AZ 85308 Office: (602) 509-0955 Tucson Location: 2 East Congress St., Suite #900-6A Tucson, AZ 85701 Office: (520) 441-1450 Avondale Location: 12725 W. Indian School Rd., Ste E, #101 Avondale, AZ 85392 Office: (623) 469-6603 The post Arizona Bankruptcy Guide: How Often is it Allowed? appeared first on My AZ Lawyers.

Arizona Bankruptcy Guide: How Often is it Allowed? Unfortunately, financial troubles are not limited. You can go through serious financial problems and get into major debt and think that the worst is behind you. But then you can face the same troubles if you lose a job, get a divorce, become seriously ill or injured, or face other unexpected circumstances. You may file for bankruptcy the first time to help you get the debt relief you need so you can get back on track. But when troubles arise again, you may wonder if you can file for bankruptcy again. Exactly how many times can you file for bankruptcy in Glendale, and how frequently can you file? Here’s what you need to know: Chapter 7 Bankruptcy In Arizona, you can file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy every six years. That time period starts from the date that you first filed for bankruptcy, not the date that it was discharged. That may seem like a long time, but six years goes by very quickly. Even if the appropriate amount of time has passed, you will not automatically be able to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy near Mesa. You still need to meet the eligibility requirements for filing, which include passing a means test that looks at your income and assets. If you make too much money or have too much in assets, you won’t be able to file. So, if you qualified for Chapter 7 previously but your income has gone up or you have accumulated more assets, you may not be able to qualify now. There are no limits to what you can discharge in a subsequent Chapter 7 bankruptcy in Mesa. That means that if you qualify to file and you have $100,000 in credit card debt you want to discharge, you can discharge the entire amount. And you can continue doing so every six years so long as you continue to qualify to file. Of course, you may have a hard time getting credit to accumulate such a debt if you have that kind of track record, but you have no impediments to filing for bankruptcy in Glendale so long as you pass the means test and the appropriate amount of time has passed. Chapter 13 Bankruptcy There is no time limit in Arizona to when you can file for Chapter 13 bankruptcy after a previous filing. However, a Mesa Chapter 13 bankruptcy filing puts you on a three- to five-year debt repayment plan. So, you aren’t going to file for bankruptcy in the middle of a current bankruptcy repayment plan. That means you would file no sooner than three to five years apart. Know also that continual filing for bankruptcy in Glendale may jeopardize your ability to be approved for a future Chapter 13 bankruptcy. The bankruptcy judge may suspect that you are abusing the bankruptcy system, so you may be asked to provide more information or to defend your assertions more vigorously. The best thing you can do if you need to file for bankruptcy subsequent times is to work closely with an experienced bankruptcy attorney to get guidance on the right steps to take. Your Avondale bankruptcy attorney can help you understand the intricacies of the complex bankruptcy law and what you will need to do to improve your chances of successfully getting the type of debt relief you want. Your Arizona bankruptcy attorney will review the options with you and will help you create the strongest filing to improve your chances of success. Call a Tempe bankruptcy attorney as soon as you start considering bankruptcy as an option. You may not decide to ultimately file, but you can get that early advice to guide your decisions. Glendale bankruptcy attorneys at My AZ Lawyers are ready to help you. Our Phoenix bankruptcy attorneys will help you understand how Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy may help you based on your current financial circumstances and your history. Our goal is to help you get the maximum debt relief possible under the law. We represent clients throughout the Phoenix area. Contact our bankruptcy law office today to schedule a consultation with a bankruptcy lawyer and to start learning about your options. We’re ready to help you whether it’s your first time filing for bankruptcy or your fifth. Arizona Offices: Mesa Location: 1731 West Baseline Rd., Suite #100 Mesa, AZ 85202 Office: (480) 448-9800 Email: info@myazlawyers.com Website: https://myazlawyers.com/ Glendale Location: 20325 N 51st Avenue Suite #134, Building 5 Glendale, AZ 85308 Office: (602) 509-0955 Tucson Location: 2 East Congress St., Suite #900-6A Tucson, AZ 85701 Office: (520) 441-1450 Avondale Location: 12725 W. Indian School Rd., Ste E, #101 Avondale, AZ 85392 Office: (623) 469-6603 The post Arizona Bankruptcy Guide: How Often is it Allowed? appeared first on My AZ Lawyers.

The Bankruptcy Court is Alexandria is Postponing the Trustee Hearings. Because of the corona virus, bankruptcy hearings in Alexandria VA scheduled up through April 10 are postponed. (I’m guessing the rest of April will get postponed, too.) Postponed Until When? There’s no news on when they will be reschedule, or how. Some courts have adopted […] The post Bankruptcy Trustee Hearings Postponed Due to Virus by Robert Weed appeared first on Robert Weed - AE.

The Federal Government is Pausing Foreclosures on Mortgages They Control. Last week the Federal Housing Finance Agency announced a 60 day pause on foreclosures on mortgage loans the government controls. Those are mortgage loans controlled by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac.  (Fannie and Freddie were government backed, private businesses. The government bailed them out during […] The post Many Foreclosures Get a Virus Hold by Robert Weed appeared first on Robert Weed - AE.

From:Crain's New York BusinessBy: Gwen Everetthttps://www.crainsnewyork.com/coronavirus/banks-waive-mortgage-payments-90-days?utm_source=breaking-news&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20200319&utm_content=hero-readmore

Affluent Taxpayers and the Discharge of Taxes in Bankruptcy In these difficult times, many clients have contacted Shenwick& amp; Associates asking  whether they should file forbankruptcy and whether the taxes they owe are dischargeablein bankruptcy. Both bankruptcy law and tax law are codeoriented and the intersection of those two areas of the lawcan create complexity and confusion.  As we have discussed in prior blog posts, “old income” taxesare dischargeable in a Chapter 7 personal bankruptcy filing.The term “old” generally means that the taxes must be morethan 3 years old or more than 3 years must have passedfrom the date of the filing of the debtor’s tax return and thedate of the debtor’s bankruptcy filing (“3 Year Rule”). Thisis a “back of the envelope” analysis for purposes of this blogpost and an actual analysis would include a review of theDebtor’s account transcript from the IRS and an analysis ofthe facts of the case.    In addition to the 3 Year Rule calculation, the bankruptcyattorney must also determine if the debtor attempted toevade or defeat the payment of  taxes  pursuant to section523(a)(1)(c) of the Bankruptcy Code. If the debtor tookaction to evade the payment of taxes, then the taxes are notdischargeable in bankruptcy notwithstanding the fact that thetaxes are old and have met the 3 year rule discussed above. The recent case of  United States v. Harold, No. 16-05041(Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2020) proves an example of actions bya taxpayer/debtor that rise to the level of an attempt to evadetaxes, which result in the taxes not being dischargeable despitethe taxpayer/debtor having met the 3 Year Rule. Dr. Harold (debtor) was a successful medical doctor with anOB/GYN practice. The issue in the case was the discharge of the  federal tax liabilities for 2004 through 2012 and 2014 thatmet the 3 Year Rule. Unless the exception for attempting toevade the payment of taxes applied, the taxes  would bedischarged in Dr. Harold’s bankruptcy filing.  Dr. Harold  grossed approximately $500,000 from her practiceduring the years at issue.  Despite owing taxes, Dr Harold had  an affluent lifestyle: 1. Shepurchased  a new home in 2005 along the Detroit Riverwaterfront,  2. She sent her children to private grade schoolsand high schools,  3. Her children attended private colleges.4. The family took multiple family vacations to Mexico,Alaska, Puerto Rico, Orlando, Washington, D.C., Paris,Las Vegas, Hawaii, and Dubai and 5 the family droveexpensive cars: a Jaguar, a Mercury Mountaineer, twoCadillacs, two Lincolns, a Lexus and a HarleyDavidson motorcycle.In this author's experience, the IRS  will subpoena theDebtor’s bank and credit card statements for the relevantyears to determine what the Debtor spent their money on. The Court found that the facts of the case indicated thather expenditures were voluntary and  demonstrated thatthe Debtor engaged in conduct to evade or defeat thepayment of her tax liabilities for the years 2004-2012and 2014 pursuant to 523(a)(1)(c) of the BankruptcyCode  and the taxes were not dischargeable. The case provides a lesson for  high income earners whofile for bankruptcy and had used their money to purchaseluxury goods or services instead of paying their taxes,the IRS will object to the discharge of their taxes in theirbankruptcy filing  and the IRS will likely prevail.James H. Shenwick, Esq. has an LLM in Taxation fromNYU Law School and counsels many clients with taxand debtor/creditor issues.  James ShenwickShenwick & Associates122 East 42nd StSuite 620New York, NY 10168Bankruptcy & Creditor's Rights“We always appreciate referrals”W 212-541-6224E: jshenwick@gmail.comFax 646-218-4600Cell Phone: 917-363-3391Website: https://shenwick-associates.business.site/Website: https://sites.google.com/site/jshenwick/homeBlog: http://shenwick.blogspot.comLinkedIn:  http://www.linkedin.com/in/jamesshenwick

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO WESTERN DIVISION AT COLUMBUS In re: : Chapter 11 : Murray Metallurgical Coal : Case No. 20-10390 Holdings, LLC, et al., : : Judge Hoffman : Debtors. : (Jointly Administered) OPINION AND ORDER ON DEBTORS’ MOTION FOR ENTRY OF A FINAL ORDER (I) AUTHORIZING THE DEBTORS TO PAY CERTAIN PREPETITION CLAIMS OF (A) CRITICAL VENDORS, (B) LIEN CLAIMANTS, (C) SHIPPERS, AND (D) ROYALTY AND LEASEHOLD CLAIMANTS, (II) CONFIRMING ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSE PRIORITY STATUS OF OUTSTANDING ORDERS, AND (III) GRANTING RELATED RELIEF (DOC. 8) I. Introduction Murray Metallurgical Coal Holdings, LLC (“Met Holdings”) and its affiliated debtors and debtors in possession (collectively, the “Debtors”) have filed a motion—commonly known as a “critical vendors motion”—seeking authority to pay the prepetition claims of certain creditors that supply them with critical goods and services (the “Motion”) (Doc. 8). The Motion sets forth the criteria under which the Debtors would assess which creditors should receive payments on their This document has been electronically entered in the records of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Ohio. IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: March 18, 2020 prepetition claims early in the case rather than waiting for confirmation of a Chapter 11 plan. The Debtors do not identify those creditors, arguing that doing so would create a “run on the bank” while eliminating any leverage the Debtors have in their negotiations with the creditors. Following the first-day hearing in the Debtors’ Chapter 11 cases, the Court entered an order (Doc. 124) granting the Motion on an interim basis over the objection of the UMWA 1974 Pension Plan and Trust and the UMWA 1993 Benefit Plan (collectively, the “Funds”), a group of multi- employer plans that provide health and pension benefits to retired coal miners and their eligible dependents. Incorporating the issues they raised in their objection to interim approval of the Motion (Doc. 104), the Funds have filed an objection to the entry of an order approving the Motion on a final basis (Doc. 200). The Funds do not question the Court’s authority to approve the payment of prepetition claims of critical vendors before plan confirmation, nor do they suggest that the Debtors have no critical vendors. Instead, they insist that the Debtors must present evidence establishing on a vendor-by-vendor basis why payment is necessary. The evidence presented during the interim and final hearings, however, demonstrated that the protocol proposed by the Debtors is consistent with both the text of the Bankruptcy Code and its twin goals of promoting a successful reorganization and maximizing the value of the bankruptcy estate. The Motion accordingly is granted on a final basis to the extent set forth in this opinion and order. II. Jurisdiction and Constitutional Authority The Debtors seek authority to use property of their bankruptcy estates to pay the prepetition claims of critical vendors under § 363(b) of the Bankruptcy Code. The Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine the Motion under 28 U.S.C. § 1334(b) and the general order of reference that has been entered in this district in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 157(a). A dispute over the use of 2 property of the estate is a core proceeding. See 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A), (M), & (O). And because such a dispute “stems from the bankruptcy itself,” the Court also has the constitutional authority to enter a final order in this matter. Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462, 499 (2011). III. Background A. The Debtors Met Holdings filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code on February 11, 2020, followed by the other Debtors on February 12, 2020. Along with their petitions, the Debtors filed the declaration of Robert D. Moore (the “Moore Declaration”) (Doc. 4), the vice president of four of the Debtors, and the president, chief executive officer, and chief financial officer of Murray Energy Holdings Co. (“Murray Energy”), which is the ultimate parent company of Met Holdings. The Debtors also filed the declaration of Amy Lee (the “Lee Declaration”) (Doc. 5), a senior director at Alvarez & Marsal North America, LLC (“Alvarez”), the financial advisor to the Debtors. The Lee Declaration and the Moore Declaration were admitted into evidence without objection during the interim hearing on the Motion. Tr. of First-Day Hrg. at 5–6. Murray Energy and 98 of its affiliates (the “Murray Energy Debtors”) filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code on October 29, 2019. Moore Decl. ¶ 13. The Murray Energy Debtors together comprise the largest privately-owned coal company in the United States, producing in 2018 alone approximately 53 million tons of thermal coal used by the electric utility industry. Id. ¶ 12, 16. The Funds, as well as the United Mine Workers of America (the “UMWA”), objected to the Murray Energy Debtors’ critical vendors motion, but the objection was resolved after the Murray Energy Debtors agreed to provide certain information to the Funds and others on a confidential basis as to each critical vendor. Expressing dissatisfaction 3 with the information they have received in the Murray Energy Debtors’ cases, the Funds—which have never sought relief in the Murray Energy Debtors’ cases based on their purported failure to obtain the information they requested—now seek to force the Debtors to present evidence on a vendor-by-vendor basis. The UMWA, however has not objected to the Motion. The Debtors employ 529 individuals, including 389 employees covered by a collective bargaining agreement with the UMWA. Id. ¶¶ 33, 36, 47. While the Murray Energy Debtors are engaged in the mining and sale of thermal coal, the Debtors mine and sell metallurgical coal. Metallurgical coal is used to produce coke, which in turn is used in the production of steel. Id. ¶¶ 16–17. The Debtors’ assets include a mine at Oak Grove in Alabama that employs 511 people and contains approximately 40 million tons of recoverable coal. Id. ¶ 32–33. The Debtors also own a mine known as the Maple Eagle No. 1 Mine in West Virginia that employs 18 workers and contains approximately 18 million tons of recoverable coal. Id. ¶ 36. B. Relief Requested in the Motion and the Evidence Presented During the First-Day Hearing The Debtors seek authority to pay up to $7.3 million to “Critical Vendors.” In her declaration, Lee stated that the “Critical Vendors” fall into the following four categories: (1) Safety and Regulatory Compliance Suppliers and Service Providers; (2) Equipment and Parts Suppliers and Service Providers; (3) Materials Suppliers and Service Providers; and (4) Repair and Maintenance Service Providers. Lee Decl. ¶ 107. She explained why the goods or services supplied by vendors in these categories are critical to the Debtors’ operations. Id. ¶¶ 108–13. According to Lee, “[p]aying targeted Critical Vendor Claims renders a benefit to the Debtors’ estates both monetarily and operationally by preserving liquidity and enabling the Debtors to operate smoothly during the 4 chapter 11 cases.” Id. ¶ 106. “The Debtors have every intention of using the relief requested to . . . maximize earnings, which will benefit all of the Debtors’ stakeholders.” Id. ¶ 122. Lee also described in detail the protocol that the Debtors would use to determine whether to make payments to Critical Vendors if the Motion were approved by the Court: [I]n identifying the Critical Vendors, the Debtors examined each of their vendor or service provider relationships with the following five general criteria in mind: (a) whether a particular vendor is a sole-source or limited-source supplier or service provider of the quality and quantity required by the Debtors in a particular market; (b) whether the Debtors would be unable to obtain comparable products or services from alternative sources on a cost-effective basis within a reasonable timeframe; (c) whether a vendor is able or likely to refuse providing essential products or services to the Debtors if their prepetition balances are not paid; (d) whether an agreement or contract exists by which the Debtors could compel the vendor to continue performing on prepetition terms; and (e) whether the Debtors’ inventory levels or service coverage is sufficient to meet customer demands while an alternative vendor is located. In addition, the Debtors and their advisors examined the health of each vendor relationship, their familiarity with the chapter 11 process, and the extent to which each vendor’s prepetition claims could be satisfied elsewhere in the chapter 11 process. Id. ¶ 105. The Debtors also seek authority to pay the prepetition claims of “Lien Claimants,” “Shippers,” and “Royalty and Leasehold Claimants,” categories of creditors that are not included in the defined term “Critical Vendors.” The “Lien Claimants” are defined as “contractors, repairmen, and other third-party service providers that repair, maintain, and otherwise service necessary equipment and machinery used in the Debtors’ operations” and “vendors that provide contract labor for their mining operations, as well as materials, such as roof bolts, equipment, machinery, consumables, and other products used in the Debtors’ coal production.” Id. ¶ 114. The Debtors ask the Court to authorize the payment of up to $6.2 million in prepetition debts to the Lien 5 Claimants. Lee stated that “[a]bsent payment of the accrued prepetition claims of the Lien Claimants, the Lien Claimants may cease to provide goods and services to the Debtors, and the Debtors would be left with no alternative providers capable of satisfying the Debtors’ operational needs.” Id. She added that “it is critical to the continuity of the Debtors’ operations that they maintain their relationships with the Lien Claimants,” particularly given the Lien Claimants’ ability “to assert trade or mechanics’ liens over the Debtors’ leaseholds, as well as essential parts, machinery, and other equipment.” Id. ¶¶ 114–15. “Absent payment of the outstanding prepetition Lien Claims,” Lee declared, “the Debtors believe that Lien Claimants may refuse or attempt to refuse to provide goods or service for or honor obligations under existing agreements with the Debtors on a go-forward basis.” Id. The Debtors next request to pay up to $100,000 of prepetition claims to trucking and transportation service providers. Addressing the “Shippers Claims,” Lee said that [t] he services provided by the Shippers are essential to the Debtors’ day-to-day operations as the Debtors rely on the Shippers to transport materials and equipment to the mines. In many cases, the Shippers are irreplaceable and represent the only means of transportation. If these charges remain unpaid, the Shippers may attempt to assert such possessory liens, and may refuse to deliver or release goods in their possession until their claims are satisfied and their liens redeemed. The Shippers’ possession (and retention) of the Debtors’ materials and equipment would disrupt the Debtors’ operations and affect the Debtors’ ability to efficiently administer these chapter11 cases. The cost of such disruption to the Debtors’ estates would likely be greater than the amount of Shippers Claims that the Debtors may pay if granted the requested authority. Moreover, the inability to locate suitable replacements for the Shippers could result in the Debtors’ mining operations coming to an immediate halt. Id. ¶¶ 116–17. 6 The Debtors also seek to pay up to $2.6 million to Royalty and Leasehold Claimants owed royalty payments “in consideration for depleting coal reserves or for transporting mined coal across the royalty owner’s property.” Id. ¶ 119. In support of this request, Lee represents that “[f]ailure to make payments on account of the Royalty Agreements in the ordinary course of business would directly and adversely impact the Debtors’ ability to mine coal related to the Royalty Agreements.” Id. ¶ 120.1 In addition to admitting the Lee Declaration into evidence during the first-day hearing, the Court received the following proffer of Lee’s testimony: If called upon today to supplement her testimony in the declaration, [Lee] would tell the Court that she’s had familiarity working on the Murray cases for several months, and that during that time she’s gained familiarity with their operations and the relationships with their vendors. She would further testify that during this time she’s become familiar with the critical need to get these vendors paid on an emergent basis, in order to deal with certain concerns that the mines—that the operations have with respect to employee safety, flooding, ventilation, and that there are limited number of vendors who are available in the specific areas where these mines are located. She would further testify that because of the relationships that they have with these certain vendors now, it would be difficult and impractical to find replacements in the time necessary to get the mines up and running. 1The Debtors also ask that administrative expense priority status be granted to creditors holding undisputed claims arising from the postpetition delivery and acceptance of goods that they ordered before commencing their bankruptcy cases (the “Outstanding Orders”). According to Lee, “in order to avoid becoming general unsecured creditors of the Debtors’ estates with respect to such goods, certain suppliers may refuse to ship or transport such goods (or may recall such shipments) with respect to such Outstanding Orders unless the Debtors issue substitute purchase orders postpetition.” Id. ¶ 18. The Debtors seek authority to satisfy such obligations “[t]o prevent any disruption to the Debtors’ business operations.” Id. The Funds did not object to this relief, and it is appropriate under the circumstances. 7 She would testify that the vendors have specific expertise and familiarity with these particular mines, and that these mines are in inaccessible locations. She would further testify that vendors that they’ve been using historically would even—have even refused to take COD, and that in order to get them to the mines, they would have to be paid for the amounts of money that are past due. She would further testify . . . that vendors have already reached out to the company to request to be put on the critical vendor protocol, the critical vendor list, and that at least one vendor has said that they would not provide service needed at the mine, unless they were on the critical vendor list, or they want to get that process started immediately. In response to the characterization and the objection that the Debtors are seeking authority to pay hundreds of creditors, Ms. Lee would testify that there are a limited number that’s much smaller than that, of people who have been identified as critical vendors, and that those vendors—that the Debtors are not seeking unfettered discretion to pay them, and in fact, as set forth in her declaration, there is a specific protocol in place to deal with it, that has to do with whether or not there are other sources, whether or not these vendors have a contract, whether they would refuse to provide services in the absence of giving—being given the critical vendor status. THE COURT: Is there any circumstance under which the Debtor would—Debtors-in-Possession would be paying any vendor that has a contractual obligation to supply? I’d like to make that clear. I just don’t think I should grant critical vendor status to a vendor that’s contractually bound to provide goods or services post-petition. MR. KARCHER: It’s my understanding that Ms. Lee would testify that there is no vendor that would receive [payment] that would otherwise be required to provide goods or services under a contract with the Debtors. Tr. of First-Day Hrg. (Doc. 217) at 140–42. 8 C. Additional Evidence Presented During the Final Hearing A final hearing on the Motion was held on March 12, 2020. During the final hearing, the Debtors made a proffer of the testimony of Robert A. Campagna, a managing director of Alvarez.2 In addition, Campagna testified in response to questions posed by the Court. The Funds chose not to cross-examine Campagna, and they presented no evidence of their own. Thus, the Funds did not challenge—at either the interim or final hearing on the Motion—the factual predicate for the relief sought by the Debtors. The proffer of Campagna’s testimony established three things. First, as of the date of the final hearing, the Debtors had not yet made any payments to critical vendors despite having interim authority to do so. Second, the Debtors have negotiated several settlement agreements under which they would pay less than 100% of certain critical vendors’ prepetition claims in installments over time. And, third, the critical vendors have been willing to provide goods and services to the Debtors while these negotiations were taking place with the understanding that the Debtors had received the authority to pay prepetition claims of critical vendors. Hrg. on Mot. at 12:08:12–12:09:52. The testimony Campagna offered in response to questioning by the Court provided additional support for the Motion. Part of the basis for the Funds’ objection was that, because the Debtors’ mines had been idled, there should be no need to pay critical vendors. But Campagna testified that the Oak Grove mine resumed operations on February 18, 2020 and that from that date through March 7, 2020, approximately 50,000 tons of coal had been extracted from the mine. Campagna also testified that while the Maple Eagle mine continues to be “hot idled,” workers must enter the 2A transcript of the final hearing on the Motion has not yet been prepared. References to the electronic recording of the hearing will be cited as “Hrg. on Mot. at [timestamp].” 9 mine in order to maintain it, and that equipment and supplies are needed in order to maintain a hot- idled mine in a manner that does not risk the health or safety of the miners. According to Campagna, the Debtors need the authority provided by the Motion in order to properly maintain the Maple Eagle mine so that its sale value is maximized for the benefit of the Debtors’ estates. Hrg. on Mot. at 12:34:19–12:37:45. D. The Position of the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors The Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (the “Committee”) supports the entry of an order approving the Motion on terms agreed to by the Debtors and the Committee (Doc. 211) (the “Revised Order”). Indeed, the Committee filed a statement expressing its unequivocal support for the Motion: Based on the Committee’s review of the record of the interim hearing on the Critical Vendor Motion and its subsequent discussions with the Debtors and their professionals, the Committee is supportive of the Debtors’ use of all allocated funds for Vendor Payments. Indeed, the Committee lauds the Debtors for proposing to make the Vendor Payments and supports their efforts to avoid the harms described in the Critical Vendor Motion if such claims are not satisfied (see Critical Vendors Motion, ¶ 53). The Committee recognizes that payment of the Critical Vendor Claims, Lienholder Claims, Shipper Claims, and Royalty and Leasehold Claims is necessary to allow the Debtors to continue to safely and efficiently run the Debtors’ mines, which in turn will maximize the value of the estates for all stakeholders. Accordingly, the Committee submits this statement to encourage the Debtors to pay the Claimants and to utilize the full amount of Vendor Payments as authorized by the Court for the satisfaction of Critical Vendor Claims, Lienholder Claims, Shipper Claims and Royalty and Leasehold Claims. Payment of these claims will ensure that the Debtors, creditors and all parties in interest can benefit from ongoing operations and the enhanced liquidity provided to the Debtors from the continued operations at Oak Grove. 10 Comm. Stmt. (Doc. 207) ¶¶ 9–11. The Committee reiterated its strong support for the Motion during the final hearing. Counsel for the Committee represented that the Debtors have been providing, and will continue to provide, specific information to the Committee’s professionals regarding the creditors that the Debtors intend to pay under the protocol described in the Motion.3 This information, however, is not being shared with the members of the Committee, all of whom are trade vendors. The Committee’s professionals have engaged in discussions with members of the Committee and other trade creditors—again, without providing specific information to the creditors—so that the professionals can understand the critical nature of the goods and services provided by the creditors who would be paid under the Motion. According to counsel for the Committee, this due diligence has shown that the goods and services provided by the critical vendors are necessary in order to preserve the going concern value of the mines, to keep mine employees working in a safe manner, and to maximize the value of the mines for the benefit of the Debtors’ creditors, including unsecured creditors. In the Committee’s view, requiring the Debtors to present evidence on a vendor-by-vendor basis would be value- destructive. Hrg. on Mot. at 12:25:59–12:28:18. IV. Legal Analysis A. The Authority for Approving Critical Vendor Motions It is outside the “ordinary course of business” within the meaning of the Bankruptcy Code for Chapter 11 debtors to pay prepetition claims before confirmation of a Chapter 11 plan. See, e.g., 3At the final hearing, the Assistant United States Trustee stated that the UST, who is not opposing the Motion, also is receiving periodic critical vendor reports from the Debtors and that the UST is satisfied with the information it has received. Hrg. on Mot. at 12:28:30–12:31:03. 11 In re Berry Good, LLC, 400 B.R. 741, 745–46 (Bankr. D. Ariz. 2008) (“Although the debtor in possession or trustee may use property of the estate in the ordinary course of business, it does not have the right to pay prepetition claims, which would violate the Code’s policy of equal treatment of similarly situated creditors. Generally, payment of such claims must await confirmation of the plan.”) (quoting Hon. Joan N. Feeney, Bankruptcy Law Manual § 11A:25 (Thomson/West 2008)). Section 363(b)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code, however, permits bankruptcy courts to authorize debtors in possession to use property of the estate outside the ordinary course of business after notice and opportunity for a hearing. The Sixth Circuit has held that § 363(b)(1) gives bankruptcy courts the authority to approve non-ordinary course, pre-confirmation transactions if they serve “a sound business purpose.” Stephens Indus., Inc. v. McClung, 789 F.2d 386, 390 (6th Cir. 1986). Stephens Industries was decided in the context of a debtor’s sale of substantially all its assets before plan confirmation, a context in which courts consider factors such as whether the terms of the proposed sale reflect the highest and best offer for the assets. As discussed below, different factors are, of course, relevant in the critical vendor context. But given that a transaction as significant as the pre-plan sale of substantially all assets can be authorized under § 363(b)(1), there can be little doubt that the section also provides a mechanism for debtors to obtain court authority to pay prepetition claims before confirmation if a sound business purpose supports the payment. Without deciding the issue, the Seventh Circuit suggested as much in the Kmart case. See In re Kmart Corp., 359 F.3d 866, 872 (7th Cir. 2004) (stating that § 363(b)(1) is a “more promising” source of authority for approving critical vendor motions than § 105(a) or other sections of the Code, “for satisfaction of a pre-petition debt in order to keep ‘critical’ supplies flowing is a use of property other than in the ordinary course of administering an 12 estate in bankruptcy”); see also In re Goodrich Quality Theaters, Inc., 2020 WL 1068147, at *5 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. Mar. 4, 2020) (holding that the statutory predicate for approving critical vendors motions is “§ 363 because such payment obviously involves the use of estate property”); In re RnD Eng’g, LLC, 556 B.R. 303, 309 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2016); In re Tropical Sportswear Int’l Corp., 320 B.R. 15, 20 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2005) (“Bankruptcy courts recognize that section 363 is a source for authority to make critical vendor payments[.]”). It is not surprising that the Bankruptcy Code would allow this, because the power to “authorize the payment of pre-petition debt when such payment is needed to facilitate the rehabilitation of the debtor [was] not a novel concept” at the time the Bankruptcy Code was enacted: It was first articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Miltenberger v. Logansport, C. & S.W. R. Co., 106 U.S. 286, 1 S. Ct. 140, 27 L.Ed. 117 (1882) and is commonly referred to as either the “doctrine of necessity” or the “necessity of payment” rule. This rule recognizes the existence of the judicial power to authorize a debtor in a reorganization case to pay pre-petition claims where such payment is essential to the continued operation of the debtor. . . . . Clearly, the “necessity of payment” doctrine is applicable to the instant dispute which is related in some aspects to the Railway Labor Act. Even if this case is not directly covered by the Railway Labor Act, the doctrine would still be applicable under the rationale of Judge Learned Hand who applied this rule to a non-railroad debtor in Dudley v. Mealey, 147 F.2d 268 (2d Cir.1945), cert. denied, 325 U.S. 873, 65 S. Ct. 1415, 89 L.Ed. 1991 (1945). In that case, Judge Learned Hand held that a court was not “helpless” to apply the rule to non-railroad debtors where the alternative was a cessation of operations. Thus, the rationale for the “necessity of payment” rule, i.e. facilitating the continued operation and rehabilitation of the debtor in railroad reorganization cases, is also a paramount goal of Chapter 11. 13 In re Ionosphere Clubs, Inc., 98 B.R. 174, 175–77 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1989). As the Seventh Circuit has held, “[a]lthough courts in the days before bankruptcy law was codified wielded power to reorder priorities and pay particular creditors in the name of ‘necessity’—today it is the Code rather than the norms of nineteenth century railroad reorganizations that must prevail.” Kmart, 359 F.3d at 871. Thus, the Court turns back to § 363(b)(1) and the “sound business purpose” analysis that must be conducted under Sixth Circuit law. A sound business purpose exists in the critical vendor context if two circumstances are present. The first circumstance relates to the vendor. In order to be a critical vendor, a vendor must (1) be in a position to cease providing goods or services to the debtor because it is not a party to a contract with the debtor; and (2) refuse to provide goods and services unless its prepetition claim remains unpaid. See, e.g., Kmart, 359 F.3d at 872–73. The second circumstance that must be present in order for a creditor to be a critical vendor relates to the effect of the payment. The Supreme Court has recognized with apparent approval the practice of bankruptcy courts issuing “‘critical vendor’ orders that allow payment of essential suppliers’ prepetition invoices,” noting that “these courts have usually found that the distributions at issue would ‘enable a successful reorganization and make even the disfavored creditors better off.’” Czyzewski v. Jevic Holding Corp., 137 S. Ct. 973, 986 (2017). In doing so, the Court was quoting Kmart, in which the Seventh Circuit held that a critical vendor motion could not be approved unless the debtor showed that its “business will gain enough from continued transactions with the favored vendors to provide some residual benefit to the remaining, disfavored creditors, or at least leave them no worse off.” Kmart, 359 F.3d at 872. Other courts reviewing critical vendor motions have examined whether “the disfavored creditors will be at least as well off as they will be 14 if the [motions are] denied.” In re GVM, Inc., 606 B.R. 220, 228 (Bankr. M.D. Pa. 2019); see also In re News Pub. Co., 488 B.R. 241, 244 (Bankr. N.D. Ga. 2013) (requiring the debtor to demonstrate “that disfavored creditors will be as well off with the critical vendor order than they would have been without it”); Tropical Sportswear, 320 B.R. at 20 (holding that the court would “permit the payment of pre-petition amounts to critical vendors . . . only if the court finds that the disfavored creditors will be at least as well off as a result of the court’s granting critical vendor status to the select vendors”). Thus, in conducting its sound-business-purpose analysis, the Court will incorporate the requirement that the payments to critical vendors that the Debtors seek to pay will leave the other creditors at least as well off as they were before. Nothing the Funds say in their objection suggests that they disagree with any of this. In fact, they acknowledge that “it is appropriate to pay the pre-petition debts of truly critical vendors who would otherwise not perform” and that “bankruptcy courts have authority to authorize payments to critical vendors.” Funds Initial Obj. (Doc. 104) at 1, 5. They do seem to take the hard line that a vendor cannot be a critical vendor if there is any alternative at all to using that particular vendor. See id. at 6. But it must be the case that a vendor who could cut off the debtor is critical if the cost of the alternative would be greater after factoring in the payment of the prepetition creditor’s claim. Indeed, even one of the cases on which the Funds rely appears to acknowledge as much. See In re CoServ, L.L.C., 273 B.R. 487, 498–99 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2002) (“[A] debtor must show that meaningful economic gain to the estate or the going concern value of the business will result or that serious economic harm will be avoided through payment of the prepetition claim, which itself is materially less than the potential loss to the estate or business.”). It makes economic sense to consider the degree to which replacement costs would exceed the amount of a vendor’s prepetition 15 claim. It also makes sense to consider whether the debtor would be able to continue operating while it transitions business to the new vendor. The Funds’ primary argument against the Motion is that the Debtors “must advance particularized proof that a particular vendor is critical to the Debtors’ operations and that it will not perform post-petition but for payment of its pre-petition debts.” Funds Initial Obj. at 2. In other words, there must be “direct evidence relating to each vendor.” Id. at 5. Some courts have taken this approach. See, e.g., Goodrich, 2020 WL 1068147, at *3 (“There was no vendor-specific testimony to persuade the court to permit the Debtor to depart from the usual practice in bankruptcy proceedings that creditors must await payment until confirmation of a plan.”); CoServ, 273 B.R. at The Funds paint the Seventh Circuit’s Kmart decision as being in this camp. Funds Initial Obj. at 5 (stating that “the Seventh Circuit has noted [that] a court may not enter a critical vendor order granting debtor unilateral discretion to make payments in the absence of direct evidence relating to each vendor”). But the Seventh Circuit did not hold that debtors must present evidence on a vendor- by-vendor basis. Rather, the Kmart court held that “the debtor must prove, and not just allege . . . that, but for immediate full payment, vendors would cease dealing[.]” Kmart, 359 F.3d at 868. What the Seventh Circuit did not answer is how the debtor must go about proving that the vendor would cease doing business with the debtor absent payment of its prepetition claim. To be sure, one way to do so is to identify each critical vendor and establish that it will cease providing goods or services to the debtor unless its prepetition claim is paid. But another way is for the debtor to establish a protocol under which it will pay any particular creditor’s prepetition claim only if, among other things, the creditor refuses to provide essential products or services to the debtor if its prepetition balance is not paid. The Seventh Circuit did not purport to decide which approach courts 16 should require. See Tr. of Hrg. at 108, In re Windstream Holdings, Inc., Case No. 19-22312 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Apr. 16, 2019) (noting that the Kmart decision “left it up to the [c]ourts to adopt a proper evidentiary framework for making the determination” of whether critical vendor motions should be approved). Since Kmart, courts have regularly approved critical vendor motions in cases in which the debtors have used protocols similar to the one employed by the Debtors here without their identifying the vendors or providing specific evidence as to each one. See, e.g., In re Murray Energy Holdings Co., Case No. 19-56885 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio Dec. 9, 2019); Cloud Peak Energy, Inc., Case No. 19-11047 (Bankr. D. Del. June 11, 2019); In re Windstream Holdings, Inc., Case No.19-22312 (RDD) (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Apr. 22, 2019); In re Mission Coal, LLC, Case No. 18-04177 (Bankr. N.D. Ala. Nov. 21, 2018); In re First Energy Sols. Corp., Case No. 18-50757 (Bankr. N.D. Ohio May 8, 2018); In re Avaya Inc., Case No. 17-10089 (SMB) (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Feb. 10, 2017); In re Relativity Fashion, LLC, Case No. 15-11989 (MEW) (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2015); In re Patriot Coal Corp., Case No. 12-51502 (Bankr. E.D. Mo. Aug. 2, 2012). The Court concludes that requiring proof on a vendor-by-vendor basis is not required by the Bankruptcy Code and would be detrimental to the interests of the Debtors’ estates and creditors, including the unsecured creditors. In fact, the Funds’ approach likely would result in the Debtors’ paying more to their critical vendors than they will pay if the Motion is approved. That is, requiring evidence on a vendor-by-vendor basis would drain value from the bankruptcy estate to the detriment of all creditors. This is true for several reasons. For one, in order to provide particular evidence that each critical vendor would fail to do business with the Debtors, what are the Debtors to do? Ask their creditors if they will cease doing business with them if they do not pay their prepetition claims? If asked, most creditors will certainly say yes, increasing the amount of critical vendor payments the 17 Debtors would make. As the court stated in Windstream, “the reason [the debtors have] only paid 12 [creditors under the interim critical vendors order] to date is because [the others] haven’t asked. [The debtors are] only going to deal with them if they do ask. You want them to pay a blank check for the full amount.” Windstream, Tr. of Hrg. at 92; see also id. at 106–07 (noting that this approach would create a “run on the bank”). And if the Motion is not approved, are the Debtors to wait until the critical moment when the creditors inform the Debtors that they are soon to be cut off, filing motions on an emergency basis each time this happens? On top of all that, are the Debtors, by filing a list of “critical vendors” and providing evidence regarding why each vendor is critical, to deprive themselves of any leverage they have in negotiations with the vendors? Such an approach would not only increase the costs incurred by the Debtors’ estates for professional fees, but also would increase the risk of harm to the Debtors’ business. As the bankruptcy court in Windstream aptly stated in overruling an objection to a critical vendor motion that was based on the same argument the Funds are making here: These are the very questions that I started asking of Debtors ten years ago, and that’s how this process got developed. That was from bitter experience in practice, and in earlier cases, where cases literally died because judges didn’t believe they had this authority, notwithstanding Section 363(b), which was perfectly clear to Judge Easterbrook, who cited 363(b) in K-Mart, but left it up to the Courts to adopt a proper evidentiary framework for making the determination, which I believe exists here. . . . And if I granted th[e] [objection to the critical vendor motion], we would be back to the old days of having to disclose information that precludes Debtors who actually do have good working relationships with their vendors managing that situation, and creating the type of disruption that this rule is intended to prevent. And 363(b), which allows Debtors to spend money to provide a net benefit to their estate in their business judgment, as reviewed by the Court, and the Court can review the process to determine that [it] is sufficient, particularly where the alternative kills the process, and kills the relief that Courts 18 see fit to grant, which is to protect the Debtor’s business for all constituents. Based on the evidentiary record before me, the process that the Debtors have adopted here, which has been adopted in numerous cases over the last 15 years at least, and is being implemented here by sophisticated parties who understand the legal and business issues clearly supports the determination that I am making that the flexibility that the Debtors have to make these payments is critical to their ongoing operations and success, in a case where they have a relatively narrow budget, where cash management is important, leaving them their judgment, as overseen by the official committee of unsecured creditors, to make payments only where absolutely needed, and to preserve their leverage in doing so, so that their identification of who is critical does not become public, to ensure an immediate run on the bank is not only authorized, but a proper exercise of judgment here. Id. at 108–10. Clearly, an evidentiary record formed the basis for the approval of the critical vendors motion in Windstream. Thus, contrary to the Funds’ description of the Court’s characterization of the Windstream ruling as “permitting payment of critical vendors on the basis of the debtors’ discretion, without need to present evidence in court,” Funds Supp. Obj. (Doc. 200) at 3, the Court never described the Windstream order as not requiring evidence. Instead, relying on Windstream, the Court stated at the interim hearing that “the protocol laid out [in the Lee Declaration] for determining who is and who is not a critical vendor establishes the evidentiary threshold necessary, and particularly with the . . . oversight of the Unsecured Creditors’ Committee and, in the interim, . . . the United States Trustee.” Tr. of First-Day Hrg. at 153. Similarly, in Patriot Coal, counsel for the debtors began to explain the issues that would be raised by “provid[ing] more information about who we think we’re going to need to pay,” and the court quickly stated: “[T]hat I don’t want you to do.” Tr. of Hrg. at 51–52, In re Patriot Coal Corp., 19 Case No. 12-51502 (Bankr. E.D. Mo. July 16, 2012). The bankruptcy court also noted that “what I’m being assured is that the company’s going to do whatever it can to not pay as much of th[e] [amount being authorized] as it can. And at the end of the day, I think we have to let the company do its thing, so to speak, and make judgments on a case-by-case basis, as to when they have to pay and when they can afford, if you will, to not pay.” Id. at 55. In sum, as long as the protocol set forth in the critical vendor motion is sufficient, § 363 of the Bankruptcy Code allows bankruptcy courts to authorize debtors to exercise their business judgment to pay critical vendor claims. The Court finds that the protocol laid out in the Lee Declaration for determining who is and who is not a critical vendor, the additional explanations provided by her proffer, and the testimony provided during the final hearing by Campagna, together provide the evidentiary basis necessary for approving the Motion. According to the Funds, approval of the Motion would grant “unfettered discretion to the Debtors to pay up to $16.2 million on a final basis to whichever of its pre-petition trade creditors it chooses.” Funds Supp. Obj. (Doc. 200) at That is simply not true. The Debtors’ discretion is cabined by the protocol being approved by the Court. And the evidence shows that they are exercising their discretion in an appropriate manner. As of the date of the final hearing, the Debtors had not yet made any payments to critical vendors despite having had the authority to do so for nearly a month. Not only that, but the Debtors have negotiated deals to pay certain critical vendors’ prepetition claims at a discount in installments over time. Requiring the Debtors to present evidence on a vendor-by-vendor basis almost certainly would result in their paying more than they will pay under the protocol set forth in the Motion. Moreover, the Debtors have filed motions to sell their Oak Grove and Maple Eagle mines, the goal being to maximize the value of their bankruptcy estates for the benefit of creditors. Docs. 20 60 & 247. Toward that end, the Debtors’ management team must devote their efforts over the next several months to operating the restarted Oak Grove mine and maintaining the Maple Eagle mine in its hot-idled state, while at the same time shepherding the Debtors, with the assistance of their professionals, through both the sale process and the process of confirming a Chapter 11 plan. The approach endorsed by the Funds would divert the attention of the Debtors and their professionals from these critical tasks by forcing them to file emergency motions each time vendors threaten to stop supplying goods or services to the Debtors—unless, that is, they were to weaken their negotiating position by identifying the critical vendors now. Being required to file emergency motions under these circumstances would serve only to disrupt and potentially derail these Chapter 11 cases. By contrast, the protocol that is being approved by the Court will avoid an interruption of the Debtors’ access to the goods and services that are critical to the operation and maintenance of their mines while helping preserve the Debtors’ cash. In addition to arguing that evidence must be presented on a vendor-by-vendor basis, the Funds contend that “[i]f the Debtors are granted the requested relief, the bulk, if not all, of the potential assets to be received by unsecured creditors in these cases could be distributed under this order, with nothing left for other unsecured creditors.” Funds’ Initial Obj. at 3. That appears to be highly unlikely. The Committee, the body that the Bankruptcy Code designates to represent all unsecured creditors, strongly supports the entry of an order approving the Motion on terms agreed to by the Debtors, the Committee and the United States Trustee. The Funds also argue that “[o]ther creditors, such as the claims of the Funds, are likely to receive significantly less than these trade creditors will receive.” Id. But that is not the relevant inquiry. As discussed above, the question is whether payment of the critical vendors’ claims will 21 leave the creditors not being paid at least as well off as they were before. That is the case here. As set forth in the Lee Declaration, “[p]aying targeted Critical Vendor Claims renders a benefit to the Debtors’ estates both monetarily and operationally by preserving liquidity and enabling the Debtors to operate smoothly during the chapter 11 cases.” Lee Decl. ¶ 106. And the Debtors will “us[e] the relief requested to . . . maximize earnings, which will benefit all of the Debtors’ stakeholders.” Id. ¶ 122. Doing so is consistent not only with § 363(b), but also with the primary purposes of the Bankruptcy Code. See Toibb v. Radloff, 501 U.S. 157, 163–64 (1991) (recognizing that two of the primary goals of the Bankruptcy Code are “maximizing the value of the bankruptcy estate” and “permitting business debtors to reorganize and restructure their debts in order to revive the debtors’ businesses”); N.L.R.B. v. Bildisco & Bildisco, 465 U.S. 513, 528 (1984) (holding that “[t]he fundamental purpose of reorganization is to prevent a debtor from going into liquidation, with an attendant loss of jobs and possible misuse of economic resources”). The evidence shows that it is more likely than not that these Chapter 11 cases would be in danger of failing if the Motion were not approved, in which case the Funds likely would recover nothing. By contrast, if the Motion is approved, these Chapter 11 cases have a chance of succeeding and providing a recovery to the Funds and other unsecured creditors. Given this, the Funds are certainly no worse off if the Motion is approved than they would be if it were not. B. The Prepetition Claims of Lien Claimants, Shippers, and Royalty and Leasehold Claimants Lee did not expressly state that the protocol described in ¶ 105 of her declaration would be applied to the claims held by the Lien Claimants, the Shippers, and the Royalty and Leasehold Claimants. But as the Court pointed out during the first-day hearing on the Motion, it is not going to “grant critical vendor status to a vendor that’s contractually bound to provide goods or services 22 post-petition.” Tr. of First-Day Hrg. at 142. The Court did not intend to limit this requirement to only those creditors that are included in the category of “Critical Vendors” as defined in the Motion, because paying creditors that are obligated to perform under a prepetition contract with the Debtors would not be a proper exercise of the Debtors’ business judgment regardless of the category into which the creditors fall. See, e.g., Kmart, 359 F.3d at 873 (“Some supposedly critical vendors will continue to do business with the debtor because they must. They may, for example, have long term contracts, and the automatic stay prevents these vendors from walking away as long as the debtor pays for new deliveries.”). The order approving this Motion should provide that the Debtors will apply the same protocol that they use for determining whether to pay Critical Vendors—including, without limitation, the analysis of “whether an agreement or contract exists by which the Debtors could compel the vendor to continue performing on prepetition terms”—to determine whether to pay creditors in the category of Lien Claimants, Shippers, or Royalty and Leasehold Claimants. During the final hearing on the Motion, Campagna stated that the Debtors would do so. Hrg. on Mot. at 12:35:54–12:36:32. C. Intercompany Claims The Funds argue that payments to affiliates should not be authorized in connection with the approval of a critical vendors motion. Funds’ Initial Obj. at 5. This point is well taken. Indeed, the Revised Order provides: Nothing in this Final Order shall (i) serve as a determination of the priority, validity, or allowance of any prepetition Intercompany Claims; the resolution of which shall be addressed by a separate order; and the rights of all parties with respect to such Intercompany Claims are reserved or (ii) authorize the Debtors to make payments to Murray Energy or its affiliates under the Management Services Agreement. 23 Revised Order ¶ 10. The Revised Order defines “Intercompany Claims” to mean “receivables and payables incurred in the ordinary course of business resulting from the Debtors’ business relationships with each other and with non-debtor affiliates and related parties.” Revised Order n.3. With these revisions, the Debtors have addressed some of the concerns raised by the Funds with respect to the payment of the claims of the affiliates. The order, however, should be further revised to provide as follows: Notwithstanding anything else herein, the Debtors shall not make any payment or grant any priority status to any claims pursuant to the relief provided in this Final Order to (a) any direct or indirect holder, or relative of such holder, of any equity interests in Murray Energy Holdings Co. (including Class A or Class B shares), or (b) any entity owned or controlled by any direct or indirect holder, or relative of such holder, of equity interests in Murray Energy Holdings Co. (including Class A or Class B shares), without the consent of the Committee and the Funds, which consent, in each case, shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned, or delayed. A similar provision was contained in the order approving the critical vendors motion filed in the Chapter 11 cases of the Murray Energy Debtors, and there is no reason why such a provision should not also be included in the final order in these cases. The Debtors agreed to do so during the final hearing on the Motion. D. Failure to Comply With this Order Finally, the Funds represent that the Murray Energy Debtors “agreed to provide information to the Funds (and others) with respect to each critical vendor. Although some information has been provided to the Funds, the Murray Energy Debtors have failed to address the Funds’ concerns regarding whether certain of those critical vendors actually satisfy the factors and requirements set forth in the motion.” Funds Initial Obj. at 4. As the Court said during the first-day hearing, “this isn’t a blank check, and if after the fact [the Funds] come[] back with evidence that there hasn’t been 24 a fulsome process to identify who is indeed critical, th[en] that will not be something that the Court would look kindly upon.” Tr. of First-Day Hrg. at 153. The Debtors should continue to keep this admonition in mind. If the Funds believe that the Debtors are not complying with the protocol approved by the Court, then they may file a motion seeking relief from the Court in order to address the Debtors’ failings, a step they have not yet taken in the cases of the Murray Energy Debtors. Given this, the Funds’ suggestion that the Debtors might not comply with the protocol provides no basis to deny the Motion. V. Conclusion For all these reasons, the Motion will be GRANTED to the extent set forth above. Counsel for the Debtors shall upload an order consistent with this opinion. IT IS SO ORDERED. 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